Prime Minister of Bangladesh
Assassination of
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Father of the Nations

First Premiership : 1996–2001
Second Premiership : 2009-2014
Third Premiership : 2014-2019
Fourth Premiership : 2019-2023
Fifth Premiership : 2023-2028

Opposition Leader : 1991-1996
Opposition Leader : 2001-2006
Leadership, controversy, tenure, impact.

Parties and Alliances:
Awami League and Grand Alliance
Elections:

1991 :February 1996:June 1996
2001 : 2008 : 2014
2018 : 2024

About

Sheikh Hasina, Bangladesh’s longest-serving PM, navigates controversies even as receiving international recognition, impacting the nation’s political and social dynamics.

Sheikh Hasina, born on September 28, 1947, has been a pivotal parent in Bangladeshi politics, serving as the country’s top Minister considering that January 2009. Her political journey consists of pivotal moments and controversies.

After the autocratic regime of Hussain Muhammad Ershad ended, Hasina, chief of the Awami League (AL) and daughter of Bangladesh’s founding father, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, lost the 1991 election to Khaleda Zia.

This defeat caused accusations of electoral dishonesty against Zia’s Bangladesh Nationalist party (BNP), sparking political turmoil and demonstrations. Subsequently, Zia resigned, paving the manner for Hasina to come to be top Minister after the June 1996 election.
Her first term changed into marked via monetary increase and poverty discount however was also marred by way of political unrest, finishing in electoral defeat in July 2001. In the course of the 2006–2008 political disaster, Hasina confronted prison problems but in the long run received the 2008 election.

Subsequent elections, considerably in 2014 and 2018, had been criticized and boycotted by using the competition, marring her leadership with claims of electoral irregularities and violence. The world over, Hasina earned recognition and reward for supplying safe haven and useful resource to Rohingya refugees fleeing genocide in Myanmar in 2017. Notwithstanding her achievements, her governance saw democratic setbacks.

With concerns raised by way of human rights organizations concerning enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, and obstacles on press freedom. Her media coverage drew criticism for curbing press freedom in Bangladesh when you consider that 2014. Sheikh Hasina’s worldwide impact resonates thru prestigious recognitions and historical milestones. Identified among Time’s 100 most influential people in 2018 and consecutively ranked among Forbes’ maximum powerful ladies from 2015 to 2022, her have an effect on extends beyond Bangladesh. Her commitment to environmental stewardship earned her the United nations’ Champions of the Earth award in 2015, underscoring her dedication to international troubles. Furthermore, being indexed amongst 100 main international thinkers in 2019 highlights her highbrow and visionary contributions. As of January 7, 2024, she stands as the longest-serving female head of government global, an emblem of putting up with management and influence at the global stage. Her adventure epitomizes each acclaim and controversy, shaping the narrative of Bangladesh’s political landscape with a long-lasting effect.

Child Hood

Born on September 28, 1947, in Tungipara, East Bengal, Sheikh Hasina hails from the Bengali Muslim Sheikh family. Her father, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, a Bengali nationalist chief, and her mother, Begum Fazilatunnesa Mujib, shaped her upbringing in Tungipara before relocating to Dhaka’s Segunbagicha neighborhood.

All through her youth, the family resided on 3 Minto road whilst her father held a central authority ministerial position and also engaged in paintings at the Alpha insurance company. Ultimately, they moved to a home in Dhanmondi built by means of her father inside the Nineteen Sixties. Hasina often recalls her upbringing at the same time as her father confronted imprisonment by means of the Pakistani government due to his political involvement.

Reflecting on the ones times, she reminisces about journeying her father in jail, knowledge that his determination to the human beings caused his frequent incarcerations. Despite their father’s political engagements, Hasina and her siblings had limited time to spend with him.

Education and Marriage

Sheikh Hasina began her schooling at Tungipara’s village primary school earlier than moving to Dhaka, where she attended Azimpur ladies faculty. Pursuing higher research at Eden university, she took on a management position, serving because the vp of the scholars Union from 1966 to 1967.

In 1967, she married M. A. Wazed Miah, a Bengali nuclear scientist who held a doctorate in physics from Durham college. Hasina pursued Bengali literature at Dhaka university, graduating in 1973. All through her college years, she resided in Rokeya hall, the women’s dormitory first of all installed in 1938 and later named in honor of feminist Begum Rokeya.

Actively engaged within the students League, Hasina’s commitment to student politics saw her elected as the general secretary of the girls’s unit in Rokeya corridor. Her academic adventure and early involvement in politics laid the foundation for her destiny management role in Bangladesh.

Own Family Homicide, Exile and Return

Following the devastating activities of the 15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d’état, Sheikh Hasina, her husband, and sister, Sheikh Rehana, survived as they have been away visiting Europe when the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman happened. In search of refuge, they determined refuge in the Bangladeshi ambassador’s residence in West Germany. Later, they prevalent political asylum provided by using top Minister Indira Gandhi of India.

For six years, the surviving circle of relatives contributors lived in exile in New Delhi, India, wherein Hasina faced restrictions imposed through the navy authorities of Ziaur Rahman, barring her entry into Bangladesh. No matter the hurdles, Hasina continued her political adventure, being elected President of the Awami League on February 16, 1981.

It wasn’t till may 17, 1981, that Hasina finally back home, greeted via a heat welcome from thousands of Awami League supporters. Her go back marked a big moment in her dedication to carry on her political legacy despite the tragic loss and challenges faced at some stage in exile.

Early Political Career

Motion against Army rule (1981–1991)

For the duration of her exile in India, Sheikh Hasina assumed the presidency of the left-of-middle Awami League (AL) in 1981. Notwithstanding being below martial law, Hasina confronted intermittent detentions at some stage in the Eighties, enduring durations of residence arrest in 1984 and 1985.

Amidst this turmoil, Hasina and the AL participated within the 1986 Bangladeshi widespread election held underneath President Hussain Muhammad Ershad’s rule. Notwithstanding criticism from warring parties for conducting an election performed under martial regulation, Hasina used the platform to mission Ershad’s governance successfully. Main an 8-celebration alliance towards Ershad, she and her celebration resigned in December 1987, stressful a brand new fashionable election underneath a neutral government, prompting a mass uprising in Dhaka.

Along the Bangladesh Nationalist birthday party (BNP) beneath Khaleda Zia, Hasina’s AL labored persistently to reinstate a democratically elected authorities. Their efforts bore fruit after a constitutional referendum restored the u . S . A . To a parliamentary shape of presidency.
The subsequent parliamentary wellknown election in 1991 saw victory for the BNP, marking a pivotal moment in Bangladesh’s political panorama. Despite electoral setbacks, Hasina’s willpower to restore democratic governance remained unwavering.

Chief of The Opposition (1991–1996)

Following years of autocratic rule, tremendous protests and moves disrupted Bangladesh’s financial system. Authorities officials refused orders, Bangladesh Rifles participants refused to fireplace on protestors, and curfews had been overtly defied. Hasina and Khaleda Zia united towards Ershad’s regime, organizing opposition that culminated in a massive December 1990 protest ousting Ershad. He resigned in prefer of Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed, leading to a caretaker authorities’s administration of a fashionable election.

Khaleda Zia’s Bangladesh Nationalist party secured a majority, with Hasina’s Awami League turning into the primary opposition celebration. Regardless of Hasina’s defeat in of three contested constituencies, she offered her resignation as celebration president but persevered at the birthday party’s request.

In 1994, a massive by-election in Magura-2 shifted Bangladesh’s political panorama. Regardless of expectations of an Awami League victory, the BNP candidate won via alleged rigging and manipulation, leading to the League’s boycott of parliament. Tensions between Hasina and Zia escalated following this occasion.

First Premiership (1996–2001)

Throughout her first term as high Minister from June 1996 to July 2001, Sheikh Hasina oversaw substantial tendencies and reforms in Bangladesh.

Beneath her leadership, a landmark 30-yr water-sharing treaty with India for the Ganges River turned into signed. The government repealed the Indemnity Act, permitting the prosecution of these involved in Sheikh Mujib’s assassination. Telecommunications were liberalized,
The administration made strides in numerous sectors, signing the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord, ending insurgency in that vicinity. The Ashrayan-1 task furnished shelter and employment for the homeless, and the Bangabandhu Bridge mega mission become finished. Financial reforms, together with the new industrial coverage, geared toward bolstering the personal zone and attracting foreign funding, fostering globalization.

Efforts have been made toward poverty comfort thru programs supplying credit and training for unemployed youths and girls, ensuing in improved food-grain production and reduced poverty costs. A social protection system became initiated, granting allowances to the aged, widows, distressed, and deserted girls. The countrywide coverage for women’s advancement geared toward ensuring gender equality and socio-economic development for girls.

Hasina’s government engaged across the world, attending diverse summits and conferences international, joining multilateral our bodies like BIMSTEC and D-8. She became the first top Minister to complete a full five-yr term considering that Bangladesh’s independence.
In the 2001 widespread election, in spite of winning forty% of the popular vote, the AL faced electoral defeat amid claims of rigging, main to the formation of a government with the aid of the ‘four birthday party Alliance’ led via BNP.
All through her tenure, Sheikh Hasina’s authorities applied reforms, initiated key initiatives, and engaged in each home and global affairs, leaving a full-size mark on Bangladesh’s trajectory.

Leader of the Opposition (2001–2006)

For the duration of this time, there were irregularities in the attendance of Awami League MPs in parliament. In late 2003, the Awami League initiated a enormous anti-government motion. The celebration’s trendy secretary, Abdul Jolil, declared that the authorities might fall apart before April 30, 2004. However, this prediction did not materialize, dealing a setback to the celebration and Sheikh Hasina, who had offered implicit aid to Jolil.

Detention at Some Point of Military Intervention (2006–2008)

Within the lead-as much as the deliberate January 22, 2007 elections, Bangladesh witnessed escalating political turmoil. After the give up of Khaleda Zia’s government in October 2006, protests and moves erupted, inflicting around 40 casualties due to uncertainty over the caretaker government’s management. Amidst trouble in uniting all parties, allegations surfaced that the caretaker government favored the BNP, triggering violence and moves.

Efforts by using Presidential guide Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury to carry parties to the scheduled elections faced barriers. But, complications arose when the nomination of Ershad was revoked because of a corruption case, prompting the Grand Alliance to withdraw its applicants and call for a published voters’ roll.

In the end, President Iajuddin Ahmed declared a nation of emergency in late January, leading to Lt general Moeen Uddin Ahmed assuming control. Political activities were banned, and Fakhruddin Ahmed have become leader advisor with military help.
During this era, Sheikh Hasina visited the usa embassy earlier than departing to the united states and later the UK. In April 2007, she faced corruption costs via the navy-sponsored caretaker government. Tries were made to prevent her return to Bangladesh, ensuing in an arrest warrant and subsequent suspension, ultimately allowing her go back after 51 days abroad.

However, upon her go back, Hasina changed into arrested in July 2007, accused of extortion and denied bail. The arrest changed into deemed politically prompted with the aid of the AL. The Anti-Corruption commission informed each Hasina and Khaleda Zia to reveal their property.

Notwithstanding criminal battles and extra costs against Hasina, including allegations of orchestrating a murder, the excessive court suspended her extortion trial and ordered her release on bail in July 2007. In addition instances had been filed against her, and on January 13, 2008, she turned into indicted on extortion costs along spouse and children.

Amid ongoing legal lawsuits, Hasina turned into launched on parole in June 2008 for medical motives and traveled to the usa for remedy. The caretaker authorities carried out mayoral elections at some stage in this time, and the AL secured victories, extending Hasina’s medical parole by a further month.

2nd Premiership (2009-2014)

On November 6, 2008, Sheikh Hasina back to Bangladesh for the upcoming trendy election. Aligning with the Jatiya birthday celebration underneath Hussain Muhammad Ershad’s leadership, she shaped the “Grand Alliance” and unveiled a manifesto promising a “virtual Bangladesh” by way of 2021.

The AL’s “A constitution for change” mentioned commitments to fight inflation, make stronger anti-corruption measures, enhance energy era, revive agriculture, make sure true governance, diminish extremism, are searching for justice for 1971 struggle crimes, reform the judiciary, and depoliticize management.

The Grand Alliance secured a sweeping victory within the 2008 election, claiming 230 of 299 seats. No matter Khaleda Zia’s rejection, impartial observers lauded the peaceful conduct of the elections. Hasina commenced her second time period as high minister on January 6, 2009.

Submit-election, Hasina deviated from her p.C. With the Jatiya party on Ershad’s presidency and ousted pro-reform Awami League contributors. Her tenure faced hurdles, together with the Bangladesh Rifles riot in 2009 over pay disputes, ensuing in casualties. Preliminary criticism of her reaction was later recommended for fending off in addition violence. Her government confronted ICC accusations for alleged human rights violations and become lauded for attaining UN Millennium development goals. She thwarted a 2012 coup strive and encountered conflict with Muhammad Yunus over Grameen bank’s manipulate because of a fund transfer dispute.

Moreover, her administration mounted the worldwide Crimes Tribunal to probe the 1971 Bangladesh Genocide perpetrators.
At some stage in her second time period, Hasina’s administration grappled with diverse challenges whilst navigating complicated relationships and controversies.

Third Term Premiership (2014–2019)

Securing her 2nd consecutive term, Sheikh Hasina triumphed in the 2014 wellknown election alongside her ruling Awami League and its Grand Alliance companions. Despite the boycott from fundamental competition parties citing unfair situations, her coalition clinched a huge victory, prevailing 267 seats, with 153 uncontested and 127 won with the aid of default.
The election was marred by way of controversy, marked with violence and accusations of ballot stuffing. Even though voter turnout become low at fifty one%, Hasina defended the election’s legitimacy, emphasizing public participation and the involvement of different parties.
Following the election, regardless of the discord, Hasina formed a central authority with Ershad’s Jatiya party, which secured 34 seats, becoming the professional competition.

At some stage in this era, Bangladesh faced escalating attacks from Islamic extremist agencies, culminating inside the tragic July 2016 Dhaka assault, regarded as the deadliest Islamist assault inside the usa’s records. Professionals attributed the rise of those businesses to the shrinking democratic area and the government’s crackdown on political competition, generating a violent response from Islamist factions.
In a proactive pass, Hasina’s authorities commissioned Bangladesh’s first two submarines in March 2017. Furthermore, she provided aid and sanctuary to nearly 1,000,000 Rohingya refugees in September 2017, urging Myanmar to quit violence against the Rohingya network. Her empathetic reaction gained giant support and appreciation from the Bangladeshi populace.

But, there were instances in which Hasina faced grievance, notably for supporting the elimination of the Statue of Justice from the ideal court premises, visible as a concession to religiously inspired political stress.

As a consumer of the Asian university for ladies, Hasina has aligned herself with esteemed figures along with Chancellor Cherie Blair and the Director-trendy of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, showcasing her dedication to education and girls’s empowerment.

FourthTerm Premiership (2019–2024)

Sheikh Hasina clinched her 3rd successive term, marking her fourth standard win as her Awami League triumphed by using securing an amazing 288 out of 300 parliamentary seats. Regardless of opposition leader Kamal Hossain brushing off the vote as “farcical” and rejecting the effects, more than one rights companies.

Together with Human Rights Watch, criticized the government for fostering an intimidating surroundings previous to the election. The big apple instances editorial board additionally categorized the election as farcical, thinking the need of vote-rigging in a competition where Hasina turned into probable to win without such techniques.The primary opposition, BNP, confronted a main setback, securing simply 8 seats after boycotting the 2014 election.

Their Jatiya Oikya front alliance changed into sidelined, marking the weakest competition for the reason that Bangladesh’s submit-Ershad democratic revival in 1991. In may additionally 2021, Hasina inaugurated the new headquarters for the Bangladesh put up office, Dak Bhaban, emphasizing its development amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Plans protected continuing virtual transformation and installing cooling gadgets in postal warehouses for mailing perishable items.

January 2022 saw the enactment of a law establishing the universal Pension Scheme, allowing all Bangladeshi residents aged 18 to 60 to obtain a monthly stipend. But, monetary challenges surfaced with Bangladesh’s external debt accomplishing $ninety five.86 billion via monetary year 2021–22 quit, a good sized increase from 2011. The banking zone faced great irregularities, evidenced by means of default loans hovering from less than ৳23000 crore (US$2.1 billion) in 2009 to over ৳250000 crore (US$23 billion) in 2019, in keeping with the IMF.

Amid depleting overseas-exchange reserves because of Russia-Ukraine battle sanctions, the Finance Ministry sought IMF fiscal assistance in July 2022. By November 2022, the IMF agreed on a personnel-degree agreement to extend a US$4.7 billion guide package for macroeconomic stability, aiding susceptible populations and fostering inclusive green growth.
December 2022 witnessed anti-government protests over escalating charges and requires the high Minister’s resignation. Nevertheless, Sheikh Hasina inaugurated Dhaka Metro Rail’s first phase, the state’s inaugural mass-rapid transit machine, on December 28. During the 2023 G20 New Delhi summit, Hasina engaged with Indian high Minister Narendra Modi to extend India-Bangladesh cooperation in connectivity and commercial ties. Her daughter, Saima Wazed, accompanying her, participated in a WHO election candidacy. The summit proved vital for enhancing Bangladesh’s diplomatic family members and interactions with worldwide leaders.

Personal Life

In 1968, Hasina married M. A. Wazed Miah, a Bangladeshi physicist, author, and chairman of the Bangladesh Atomic strength fee. She has a son, Sajeeb Wazed, and a daughter, Saima Wazed. Saima’s father-in-law is a former minister of Expatriates’ Welfare and overseas Employment and LGRD, Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain.

Hasina’s best residing sibling, Sheikh Rehana, served as the adviser of Tungipara upazila unit Awami League in Gopalganj in 2017. Hasina’s niece, Tulip Siddiq, is a united kingdom politician serving as Member of Parliament for the Hampstead and Kilburn constituency.

In the course of her political profession, Sheikh Hasina has survived a total of nineteen assassination tries. Hasina suffers from a listening to impairment due to accidents sustained throughout the 2004 grenade attack.

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